URBAN AGRICULTURE, THE FACE OF SURABAYA URBAN POOR ECONOMY MARGINALIZED OR FORGOTTEN ?

Now days most of the function of open green space in the urban space throughout the world has been oriented into open green space with productive function which is not only count on its ecology and aesthetic value but also economy value. Urban open green space is now functioned as urban agriculture or urban farming activity that also advantage economically and be able to support the food necessity of urban dwellers. According to preliminary researches that have summarized by De Zeew, 2001, it has been observed that urban agriculture exists within heterogeneous resource utilization situations under conditions of scarce as well as abundant land and/or water resources. In terms of its contributions to development, urban agriculture enhances food security, provides additional income and employment for poor and middle-income urban dwellers, and contributes to an ecologically sound urban environment. Ecologically, urban agriculture has a contribution to urban greening and microclimate development or to the re-use of urban organic wastes. Urban agriculture also capture CO2 and dusts to restore microclimate, diminish erosion and flood disaster, reducing urban heat, smash the wind and reducing the noise and also enriching biodiversity.
The existence of new development concept of productive open green space as open space which is able to accommodate the community economic advantage by applying urban agriculture gives a friction to the main function of open green space that so far has been emphasized into ecology and esthetic value. By productive open green space, the economic value will become the new attribute of open green space without vanishing its ecology and esthetic value (Adaptation from Satiawan, 2005). In the city of Surabaya, urban agriculture has been done by many urban community marginally. According to the research from Satiawan (2005), urban agriculture in Surabaya has been existed in a few spots include near the tollgate Waru, road median of Jemursari, a few spots in Gayungsari, Kebonsari, Kedungasem, Kejawan Gebang, Pakal Benowo, Kenjeran and in the riverside of Kalimas.
Location of urban agriculture in Surabaya has scattered in many spots within 18 districts. (Augusta, 2007). Totally, there are 40 spots for food agriculture and 14 spots for non-food agriculture (Horticulture plants). Wide area of urban food agriculture is in urban fringe area within West of Surabaya which is in District of Wiyung, District of Sambikerep and District of Pakal.

Tabel 1 Location and Organizer of Urban Agriculture in Surabaya
No Variety of Urban Agriculture Organizer/owner (persons)
SOUTHERN OF S URABAYA
1 Food Plants 136
2 Horticulture Plants 40
Subtotal 176
WESTERN SURABAYA
1 Food Plants 415
2 Horticulture Plants 78
Subtotal 493
EASTERN SURABAYA
1 Food Plants 103
2 Horticulture Plants 78
Subtotal 181
NORTHERN SURABAYA
1 Food Plants 55
2 Horticulture Plants 9
Subtotal 64
CENTER SURABAYA
1 Horticulture Plants 15
Total 929
Source : Augusta, 2007
Agriculture in Surabaya has diverse character between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture. But the diversity can be more identified by considering those agriculture into food plants and non-food (horticulture) plants. Thereby, the differences of characteristic between them can be identified in variables includes : kind of agriculture plant, economic activity of agriculture, production scale, type of location, infrastructure availability, type of job for farmers and capital ability. Generally in Surabaya, food plant agriculture more distribute in the peri-urban while non-food plant agriculture with ornamental plants product dominating urban area.
Table 2 Comparison of Urban Food Agriculture and Non-Food Agriculture Characteristic Within The Difference of Location
No Variable of Characteristic Urban Farming/UA Peri-Urban Farming/PUA
Food Plants Non-Food Plant (Horticulture) Food Plants Non-Food Plant (Horticulture)
1. Variety of agriculture Rare Dominant Dominant Rare
2. Variety of products Palawija and paddy Dominated by ornamental plants Palawija and paddy Dominated by vegetable plants
3. Variety of economy activity Dominated by activity of production- processing -distribution Dominated by following activity :
1. Production-processing-distribution
2. Only distribution Dominated by activity of production- processing -distribution Dominated by activity of production- distribution
4. Product purpose Dominated for trading Dominated for trading Dominated for self consumption and for trade Dominated for trading
5. Production scale Local Local, regional, national Local Local
6. Land Status Dominated by private owner Dominated by government owner Dominated by private owner Dominated by private owner
7. Surrounding or neighborhood areas Dominated by area nearby settlement Dominated by area nearby river and highway Dominated by area nearby settlement Dominated by area nearby settlement and education area (university)
8. Land character Changeable Changeable Changeable Changeable
9. Availability of supporting infrastructure and facilities Available Available Sufficient Available
10. Supporting environment
(water, land, air) Generally supporting Generally supporting, but in a few spots air pollution effecting the existence of farming Generally supporting Generally supporting
a. Air condition Clean Polluted, but there are a few spots still clean Clean Clean
b. Soil condition Fertile Fertile Fertile Fertile
c. Land condition Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted
d. Climate condition Supporting Supporting Supporting Supporting
e. Groundwater condition Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted Unpolluted
11. Distribution access Available Available Available Available
12. Job classification for farmers Main job Part time job -main job Main job Part time job -main job
13. Capital ability Sufficient Less-Sufficient Sufficient Less-Sufficient
14. Knowledge and Skill Adequate Adequate Adequate Adequate
15. Cooperation No cooporation No cooperation No cooperation No cooperation
Source : Augusta, 2007
Besides urban agriculture gives much benefits for urban environment, in the other hand practically, Setiawan (1999) indicates that urban agriculture also potentially occurs negative effects with another city land use like pollution inside of the city that may give negative effects to the plants and animals in urban agriculture, pesticides that are used uncontrolled may give negative effects to urban dwellers health and even potential in pollute source of clean water in the city. He indicates that urban agriculture also potential to subtract city government opportunity to using lands for commercial uses.
Ideas to develop urban agriculture in Indonesia have never been accommodated in city planning document and there is also no regulation of city development that support urban agriculture, so that many of this activity are failed to extend. In the city of Surabaya, urban agriculture has already exist marginally, because it does not have a legal power, unplanned and uncontrolled properly. In fact, urban agriculture in Surabaya has already become the full and a part time job for urban poor to fulfill their need of food suplly and money to survive. But this activity seems not quit benefited for the most urban dwellers because for the government and private sectors who want to build the city to be the metropolitan think that urban agriculture is a distraction for investment. Land that is exist are the land to be build and there are no hope for any longer agriculture in Surabaya.
Based on this fact, regulations are needed in the form of zoning regulation principles in order to manage and accommodate urban agriculture side effects that could occur conflict with another city land use. These regulations are aimed to make urban agriculture become a collective activity of government and society to achieve sustainable development for the city environment in the future.

Karya Tulis Ilmiah

Selayaknya seluruh masyarakat mampu membuat karya tulis ilmiah, dimana kegunaannya sangat banyak, namun sarat yang paling mendasar adalah suka menulis dan menghimpun informasi dari media informasi baik media cetak ataupun media elektronik. Setidaknya ketika masyarakat mampu menuliskan sebuah karya tulis yang ilmiah dan logis maka, argumen-argumen dapat tersampaikan secara sistematis dan ilmiah.
Kecerdasan suatu individu dicerminkan dari sikap yang dimunculkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, maka dari itu penilaian terhadap satu komunitas masyarakat dapat dilihat secara gamblang mengenai tingkat pengetahuanya dari sikap yang dipakai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
kecerdasan masyarakat luas adalah tanggungan negara dan kaum intlektual, apa yang mampu mereka berikan dalam hal mencerdaskan masyarakat? begitu banyak kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan namun semuanya itu belum cukup untuk meratakan tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat indonesia sebab begitu banyak jumplah penduduk, oleh karena itu program yang ada belum mampu untuk mengimbanginya.
Diharapkan kepada seluruh kaum intlektual untuk membantu pemerintah dalam ranah mencerdaskan masyarakat, sebab melihat potret masalalu kita, cukup memalukan dimata dunia.